18^th European Diabetes Congress July 17-18, 2017 Lisbon, Portugal

The term diabetes mellitus describes several diseases of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism that are characterized by hyperglycemia. It is associated with a relative or absolute impairment in insulin secretion, along with varying degrees of peripheral resistance to the action of insulin. They are derived after doing many clinical trials on animal models. Every few years, the diabetes community revaluates the current recommendations for the classification, diagnosis, and screening of diabetes, reflecting new information from research and clinical practice which in turns help in understanding current prevention and treatment options and cost effectiveness in treatment and prevention of Diabetes. People with type1 and type2 diabetes have an increased risk of developing a number of serious health problems. Consistently high blood glucose levels can lead to serious diseases affecting the Macro vascular and micro vascular complications. In addition, people with diabetes also have a higher risk of developing infections. In almost all high-income countries, diabetes is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, blindness, kidney failure, and lower limb amputation. Maintaining blood glucose levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol at or close to normal can help delay or prevent diabetes complications. Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia are the other two factors are the two major complications of diabetes where hyperglycemia is an acute complication sharing many symptoms and hypoglycemia is an acute complication of several diabetes treatments. Glycosylated hemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time.

Molecular Biomarkers can be demarcated as “a characteristic that is accurately measured and gauged as an pointer of normal biological procedures, pathogenic procedures, or pharmacologic responses to a pharmaceutical intervention. Biomarkers play an vital part in leading clinical trials and treating patients. Advances in molecular diagnostics help medical professionals make knowledgeable, scientifically valid decisions. More well-organized discovery and usage of biomarkers in the growth of antidiabetes drugs will depend on accelerating our understanding of the pathogenesis of diabetes and specifically its macro-vascular complications.  Procedural improvements from other fields, especially cancer, are beginning to show the way towards better models of diabetes pathogenesis and molecular biomarker discovery.

Diabetes is a common chronic disease that imposes considerable demands on the individual healthcare system. People with diabetes have a higher rate of cardiovascular disease than those without diabetes and are at increased risk for kidney failure, lower limb amputation and blindness. Obesity is a significant risk factor for diabetes and the prevalence of obesity in children and adults has dramatically increased in the past four decades. Diabetic dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. The characteristic features of diabetic dyslipidemia are a high plasma triglyceride concentration, low HDL cholesterol concentration and increased concentration of small dense LDL-cholesterol particles. In order to investigate the bioinformatics tools and methodologies used to in diabetes research, at first, this was difficult to do because it did not have a preconceived idea about how the research would be organized and how bioinformatics tools would be described or identified in the research. To get started, we ran several cursory searches using basic search terms such as bioinformatics and diabetes (research) through several databases to see what types of articles were returned.  Disability can be defined as a metabolic dysfunction that ranges from mild blood sugar imbalance to full-fledged type 2 diabetes. A bolus dose is insulin that is specifically taken at meal times to keep blood glucose levels under control following a meal.

The concept of 'new technologies' for type 1 diabetes and new discovery and advanced type 2 diabetes treatment has expanded in recent years at a rate that some might consider comparable to 'Moore’s Law', and the sheer number of new technologies entering into the type 1 diabetes marketplace is also growing at a remarkable rate. From the patient’s perspective, this is not only exciting but can lead to a sense of optimism. Technologies that today are growing commonplace (e.g. insulin pumps, rapid HbA1c monitoring, etc. come under new therapeutic mechanisms of diabetes. Indeed, it could be argued that the major advances in type 1 diabetes care made within the last quarter of a century have come from technology rather than biology. At the same time, not all new technologies succeed (e.g. the Glucowatch), regardless of their purported promise. Both type 1 diabetes patients and their healthcare providers will soon see a series of further advanced medical technologies used in hospital and new technologies and novel therapies in diabetes treatment whose basis is tied to the notion of improving the lives of those with the disease.

Insulin therapy is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and an initial A1C level greater than 9 percent, or if diabetes is uncontrolled despite optimal oral glycemic therapy. Insulin therapy may be initiated as augmentation, starting at 0.3 units per kg, or as replacement, starting at 0.6 to 1.0 units per kg. Glucose control, adverse effects, cost, adherence, and quality of life need to be considered when choosing therapy. Metformin should be continued if possible because it is proven to reduce all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in overweight patients with diabetes. Titration of insulin over time is critical to improving glycemic control and preventing diabetes-related complications.

Being overweight increases the chances of developing the common type of diabetes, type 2 diabetes. In this disease, the body makes enough insulin but the cells in the body have become resistant to the salutary action of insulin. Science proposes that being overweight stresses the insides of individual cells. Specifically, overeating stresses the membranous network inside of cells called endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Most patients with type 2 diabetes are obese, and the global epidemic of obesity largely explains the dramatic increase in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes over the past 20 years. Currently, over a third (34%) of U.S. adults are obese (defined as BMI >30 kg/m2), and over 11% of people aged ≥20 years have diabetes, a prevalence projected to increase to 21% by 2050. Reducing your body weight, by even a small amount, can help improve your body's insulin sensitivity and lower your risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and types of cancer.

The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of the most dangerous heart attack risk factors: diabetes and prediabetes, abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. People with metabolic syndrome have a five-fold greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Up to 80% of the 200 million people with diabetes globally will die of cardiovascular disease. This puts metabolic syndrome and diabetes way ahead of HIV/AIDS in morbidity and mortality terms.

Computational meta-analysis can link environmental chemicals to genes and proteins involved in human diseases, thereby elucidating possible etiologies. The recent rapid development of a variety of analytical platforms based on mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance have enabled identification of complex metabolic Syndrome phenotypes. Continued development of bioinformatics and analytical strategies has facilitated the discovery of causal links in understanding the pathophysiology of diabetes and its complications.

Getting a new heart, liver, kidney, lung, or other organ can save your life. Sometimes, it can also lead to type 2 diabetes. Many people can stop taking steroids after 6 months or so. This may solve the problem. If scientists can develop safe immunosuppressant’s that always work, then many people with type 1 diabetes may choose to have pancreas transplants. Until then, many doctors think islet transplants are a better option even after performing clinical trials on islet transplants. Islets are clusters of cells in the pancreas that make insulin. In people with type 1 diabetes, islet cells are destroyed. Only 1-2% of the pancreas is made up of islet cells. In pancreatic islet transplantation, cells are taken from a donor pancreas and transferred into another person. Once implanted, the new islets begin to make and release insulin. Researchers hope that islet transplantation will help people with type 1 diabetes live without daily injections of insulin. A transplant of the pancreas is usually reserved for those with serious complications. Pancreas transplants are most often done when a patient also receives a new kidney. The pancreas transplant adds little further risk in this situation and offers big benefits. However, transplant surgery is risky. Each person needs to carefully weigh the potential benefits and risks. Xenotransplantation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from one species to another. Such cells, tissues or organs are called xenografts or xenotransplants. A bolus dose is insulin that is specifically taken at meal times to keep blood glucose levels under control following a meal. A bolus dose is insulin that is specifically taken at meal times to keep blood glucose levels under control following a meal. Bolus insulin needs to act quickly and so short acting insulin or rapid acting insulin will be used where as Conventional insulin therapy is a therapeutic regimen for treatment of diabetes mellitus which contrasts with the newer intensive insulin therapy.

Diabetes constitutes a significant public pathological state. Though substantial progress has been created in shaping the genetic science of metabolic syndrome risk for specific subtypes of polygenic disease (e.g., type 2 Diabetes of the young), the bulk of genetic risk of polygenic disease (for Type 1 and type 2) stay unresolved. This review focuses on the present information of the genetic basis of diabetes and its complications, specifically diabetic nephrosis (DN), recent advances in genetic science of Diabetes, Diabetes in ethnic teams, genetic manner interactions and understanding the genetic science of diabetes. Ultimately, identification of genes that contribute to risk (or protection) of diabetes and its complications can permit identification of patients United Nations agency have diabetes and area unit in danger and targeted treatment/interventional methods. Diabetic amyotrophic could be a disabling sickness that's distinct from alternative types of diabetic neuropathy.

Cell therapy can be explained as the supervision of live whole cells or maturation of an exact cell population in a patient to overcome the disease. Cell therapy is growing its range of cell types for administration. The treatment strategies of cell therapy comprise separation and transmission of specific stem cell populations, administration of effector cells, induction of mature cells to develop pluripotent cells, and reprogramming of mature cells. The founding of pluripotent human embryonic stem cells and embryonic germ cells have presented a new probable source in type 1 diabetic patients for cell therapy, especially in light of recent successes in generating glucose-sensitive insulin-secreting cells from mouse embryonic stem cells.Cell therapy can be explained as the supervision of live whole cells or maturation of an exact cell population in a patient to overcome the disease. Cell therapy is growing its range of cell types for administration. The treatment strategies of cell therapy comprise separation and transmission of specific stem cell populations, administration of effector cells, induction of mature cells to develop pluripotent cells, and reprogramming of mature cells. The founding of pluripotent human embryonic stem cells and embryonic germ cells have presented a new probable source in type 1 diabetic patients for cell therapy, especially in light of recent successes in generating glucose-sensitive insulin-secreting cells from mouse embryonic stem cells.