34^th European Diabetes Congress

Endocrinology Glands and Hormones

Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus is located in the brain and its links the nervous and endocrine systems to each other.

Pineal Gland: The pineal gland is a small, pine-cone shaped endocrine gland which is located in the brain. It produces melatonin.

Pituitary gland: It is located at the base of the brain and is closely connected to the hypothalamus.

Thyroid: The butterfly-shaped thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands. The thyroid gland is located in front of the neck, just below the thyroid cartilage.

Parathyroid Gland: The parathyroid gland which is known for controlling calcium levels in the blood. The parathyroid is a small of glands which are present around the thyroid gland.

Thymus: The thymus is an important and specialized organ of the immune system. The thymus is responsible for controlling T-lymphocytes (T cells), which are critical cells of the adaptive immune system.

Adrenal Glands: The small, triangular adrenal glands located in the kidneys. Each is divided into two distinct anatomic and functional organs that is adrenal cortex that is the outer part and Adrenal Medulla which is the internal part of the kidney.

Pancreas: The pancreas is a gland which is located in the digestive system and endocrine system.  The endocrine gland which secretes some important hormones that includes insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide and a digestive organ that secretes pancreatic juice that contains digestive enzymes which play an important role in the absorption of nutrients and digestion in the small intestine.

Ovaries: The ovary which is responsible for producing an ovum, often found in pairs in the female reproductive system.

Testes: The testicle is the male gonad. The primary functions of the testes are to produce inhibin, sperm and androgens, primarily testosterone.

Endocrine Hormones

Luteinizing Hormone: This is a pituitary hormone that helps regulate the function of the reproductive organs. It stimulates ovulation to release the egg in the woman’s ovaries.

Prolactin: This is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the production of milk in the breast. It is one of several hormones that stimulate milk production or lactation.

Oxytocin: Oxytocin is a pituitary hormone that stimulates muscle contractions in the uterus during childbirth. These contractions cause the release of more oxytocin.

Glucagon: The hormone glucagon increases the level of sugar in the blood. It plays a vital part in maintaining the correct blood sugar level.

Reproductive Hormones: Reproductive hormones which are known for controlling the reproductive development of boys and girls.

Female Reproductive Hormone: Estrogen is the female hormone secreted mainly in the ovaries. It is responsible for not only the development of the girl reproductive organs but it also controls her monthly menstrual cycle.

Male Reproductive Hormone: The male reproductive system consists of the penis, scrotum, and 2 testes. Male reproductive system screate sperm cells that combined with a female egg to produce a new human life. The testes and scrotum hang outside the body where it is cooler because it improves sperm production.

Epinephrine: Epinephrine is a hormone that works without the nervous system to prepare our body to cope with danger or stress. If you’re suddenly scared, your heartbeat increases, your breathing becomes steep and rapid.

Insulin: Insulin is a hormone that reduces the level of sugar in our blood. Insulin is a protein made by the pancreas. It is released when the blood sugar level rises and reduces the sugar in 2 ways. First, it makes insulin take up glucose.