34^th European Diabetes Congress

Epidemiology and mechanisms

Epidemiology and mechanisms refer to the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. In the context of diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is a complication of diabetes affecting the eyes, epidemiology focuses on the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors associated with the condition. Understanding the epidemiology and mechanisms of DR is crucial for developing effective prevention and management strategies. DR is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes and a leading cause of vision loss in working-age adults. The prevalence of DR increases with the duration of diabetes, affecting approximately one-third of people with diabetes aged 40 years and older in the United States. DR is more common in individuals with type 1 diabetes, but it also affects a significant proportion of those with type 2 diabetes. Hyperglycemia: Chronic high blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels in the retina, leading to DR. Oxidative stress: Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to high blood sugar levels can cause damage to retinal cells. Chronic low-grade inflammation is believed to play a role in the development and progression of DR. These are formed when sugar molecules attach to proteins in the blood vessels, contributing to damage. Epidemiological studies help identify populations at risk for DR, while understanding the underlying mechanisms provides insights into the development and progression of the disease. This knowledge is essential for developing targeted interventions and improving outcomes for individuals with diabetic retinopathy.